Renal Mass: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Strategies, Management, and Outcomes: A Comprehensive Update

Elmukhtar Habas^1, Amnna Rayani², Abdulsalam Abograra³, Eshrak Habas⁴, Bader Allagi⁵, Aml Habas⁶, Khaled Alarbi⁷, Ala Habas⁴, Radwan Mazen⁸, Elmehdi Errayes⁷

Keywords: Kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma, RCC prevalence, renal cancer stages, risk factors, RCC outcomes

DOI: 10.63475/yjm.v4i2.0113

DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.63475/yjm.v4i2.0113

Publish Date: 22-09-2025

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Pages: 221 - 244

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Downloads: 2

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Author Affiliation:

1 Professor, HMC, Open Libyan University, HGH, Doha, Qatar
2 Professor, Open Libyan University, Children’s Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
3 Consultant Radiology, HMC, Doha, Qatar
4 Resident, TMC, University of Tripoli, Tripoli-Libya
5 Specialist, Radiologist, TMC, Tripoli, Libya
6 Specialist, Open Libyan University, Tripoli Children Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
7 Consultant, HMC, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
8 Medical Student, RCSI Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain

Abstract

Kidney mass lesions are common and are often discovered accidentally. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents approximately 5% of all cancers. Men have a two-fold higher likelihood of developing the disease and experience a higher mortality rate than females. The differences between the genders are attributed to individual variations, including hereditary factors, underlying medical conditions, genetics, lifestyle, hormonal factors, and others, such as hypertension and obesity. Renal tumors are usually asymptomatic; however, hematuria, dull aching flank pain, and lower abdomen pain can present symptoms. A tissue biopsy is typically unnecessary but may be required in certain cases. Men tend to exhibit larger and more severe tumors. Radiology tools application is helpful for early diagnosis and follow-up. Partial or radial nephrectomy is an effective curative therapy in localized renal masses. Nevertheless, immunotherapy, cryotherapy, and sometimes chemotherapy are used, especially in high-income nations. In this review, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and kidney mass management will be reviewed and updated. Different keywords and phrases, such as kidney malignancy, renal cancer, epidemiology of kidney cancer, nephrectomy in kidney masses, and management of renal cell tumors, were used to search PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google, and Google Scholar for new reviews and original articles and new comments with updates that were published between January 2019 and May 2025.

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