Abstract

Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome: Review: Part 3

Elmukhtar Habas1, Aml Habas2, Amnna Rayani3, Ala Habas4, Khaled Alarbi5, Eshrak Habas6, Mohamed Baghi5, Mohammad Babikir7, Abdelrahaman Hamad8, Almehdi Errayes9

Keywords: Cardiorenal syndrome type 2, chronic CRS, update in chronic CRS pathophysiology, chronic CRS therapy update, worsening renal function, diuretic resistance, intravenous diuretics, isolated ultrafiltration

DOI: 10.63475/yjm.v4i3.0223

DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.63475/yjm.v4i3.0223

Publish Date: 31-12-2025

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Pages: 533 - 548

Views: 2

Downloads: 3

Citation: 0

Author Affiliation:

1 Professor, Senior Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
2 Specialist, Open Libyan University, Tripoli, Libya
3 Professor, Amnna Rayani, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
4 Doctor, Tripoli Central Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
5 Associate Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
6 Tripoli University Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
7 Medicine Specialist, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
8 Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
9 Senior Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar

Abstract

heart failure (CHF) induces gradual kidney damage, leading to chronic cardiorenal syndrome (cCRS). This condition is linked with an increase in morbidity and death rate. The commonest cause of cCRS is CHF with a low ejection fraction. CHF causes alteration of hemodynamic variables, such as low cardiac output, neuroendocrine activation, venous congestion, and chronic inflammatory reaction activation. cCRS is a chronic condition that leads to hemodynamic and chronic heart and kidney fibrosis. There are no specific biomarkers to diagnose the cCRS. There is a debate regarding the causal relationship between CHF and kidney function impairment in cCRS. The debate has centered on the efficacy, safety, and costeffectiveness of the currently available therapeutic options, such as diuretics and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Full, clear scientific recommendations for the prevention and treatment of cCRS are required.